Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique, was published in 1963. The first chapter is called, The Problem That Has No Name, and starts with this paragraph: “The problem lay buried, unspoken for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning that women suffered in the middle of the twentieth century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at night--she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question--’Is this all?’ “ All over the country women were asking whether this all there was for women’s opportunities. Friedan’s helped start the women’s movement in the 1960’s along with other feminists such as Gloria Steinhem and Bella Abzug.
The Feminine Mystique was required reading at my college, but it took awhile to realize that women did not have many rights at that time. Women could not have their own credit or credit cards, the help-wanted ads were for men or for women, and women were not welcome in the workplace. Later in law school and then as an attorney, I saw first hand what needed to be done in the workplace, in the courts, in Congress and in the stereotypes of society.
These rights came slowly, one by one. I decided to do a timeline to show some of the barriers being broken by women over the last 50 years.
1962: Ivy League Schools like Yale, Princeton and Dartmouth were closed to women.
1963. The Feminine Mystique was published, the Equal Pay Act passed and Lesley Gore sang, “You don’t own me!”
1964. Title VII of The Civil Rights Act was passed, which prohibited race, national origin, religion and sex discrimination
in employment. The federal government made clear, it did not intend to enforce the sex discrimination provisions.
1965. The Supreme Court established the right to privacy when it overturned Connecticut’s law banning contraceptives.
1966. The National Organization for Women was formed. Betty Friedan was President.
1967. Muriel Siebert was first woman to own a seat on the New York Stock Exchange.
1968. Feminists protested the Miss America Contest in Atlantic City. The EEOC banned Help Wanted Male and Help
Wanted Female ads.
1963. The Feminine Mystique was published, the Equal Pay Act passed and Lesley Gore sang, “You don’t own me!”
1964. Title VII of The Civil Rights Act was passed, which prohibited race, national origin, religion and sex discrimination
in employment. The federal government made clear, it did not intend to enforce the sex discrimination provisions.
1965. The Supreme Court established the right to privacy when it overturned Connecticut’s law banning contraceptives.
1966. The National Organization for Women was formed. Betty Friedan was President.
1967. Muriel Siebert was first woman to own a seat on the New York Stock Exchange.
1968. Feminists protested the Miss America Contest in Atlantic City. The EEOC banned Help Wanted Male and Help
Wanted Female ads.
1969. Princeton and Yale finally admitted women.
1970. Diane Crump was first woman jockey in the Kentucky Derby.
1971. Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug and Gloria Steinem form the National Women’s Political Caucus.
1972. Congress passed Title IX, prohibiting sex discrimination in schools. Gloria Steinem launched Ms. Magazine. Helen
Reddy released, “I am Woman.”
1970. Diane Crump was first woman jockey in the Kentucky Derby.
1971. Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug and Gloria Steinem form the National Women’s Political Caucus.
1972. Congress passed Title IX, prohibiting sex discrimination in schools. Gloria Steinem launched Ms. Magazine. Helen
Reddy released, “I am Woman.”
1973. Billie Jean King beat Bobby Riggs in The Battle of the Sexes in tennis.
1974. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act allowed women to get their own credit cards.
1975. The United Nations declared 1975 International Women’s Year. The Supreme Court held it is unlawful to deny
women jury duty.
1976. The Supreme Court struck down the requirement for written spousal consent in order for a a woman to obtain an abortion.
1977. The National Women’s Conference was held in Houston (I was a delegate from South Carolina.) Women were
admitted as cadets in US Service Academies.
1978. President Carter established the National Advisory Committee for Women. Gloria Gaynor released, ”I will survive.”
1979. The first Susan B. Anthony coins were minted.
1980. The Supreme Court struck down a law that denied a widower’s workers compensation claim unless he could
prove dependency.
1981.Sandra Day O’Connor became first woman Supreme Court Justice.
1982. The ERA was not ratified. It needed three more states to pass, but Connecticut passed it.
1983. Sally Ride was first American woman astronaut in space.
1984.The Supreme Court held that the Jaycess can’t exclude women. Geraldine Ferraro was first woman to run for Vice-President.
1985. Wilma Mankiller was first woman Chief of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.
1986. Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment was held unlawful by Supreme Court.
1987. National Girls and and Women in Sports Day was started.
1988. The gender pay gap between men’s and women’s wages in 1988 was 72%.
1989. All jobs were open to women in the Coast Guard and Air Force but only 20 % in
1975. The United Nations declared 1975 International Women’s Year. The Supreme Court held it is unlawful to deny
women jury duty.
1976. The Supreme Court struck down the requirement for written spousal consent in order for a a woman to obtain an abortion.
1977. The National Women’s Conference was held in Houston (I was a delegate from South Carolina.) Women were
admitted as cadets in US Service Academies.
1978. President Carter established the National Advisory Committee for Women. Gloria Gaynor released, ”I will survive.”
1979. The first Susan B. Anthony coins were minted.
1980. The Supreme Court struck down a law that denied a widower’s workers compensation claim unless he could
prove dependency.
1981.Sandra Day O’Connor became first woman Supreme Court Justice.
1982. The ERA was not ratified. It needed three more states to pass, but Connecticut passed it.
1983. Sally Ride was first American woman astronaut in space.
1984.The Supreme Court held that the Jaycess can’t exclude women. Geraldine Ferraro was first woman to run for Vice-President.
1985. Wilma Mankiller was first woman Chief of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.
1986. Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment was held unlawful by Supreme Court.
1987. National Girls and and Women in Sports Day was started.
1988. The gender pay gap between men’s and women’s wages in 1988 was 72%.
1989. All jobs were open to women in the Coast Guard and Air Force but only 20 % in
the Marine Corps.
1990 Dr. Antonia Novello was the first woman Surgeon General.
1991. Sharon Pratt Dixon, of Washington DC, became the first black woman mayor of a major American city.
1990 Dr. Antonia Novello was the first woman Surgeon General.
1991. Sharon Pratt Dixon, of Washington DC, became the first black woman mayor of a major American city.
1992. Carol Mosely-Braun of Illinois became the first African-American woman Senator.
1993. Janet Reno was the first woman Attorney General. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the second woman on the Supreme
Court.
1994. Shannon Faulkner was the first woman admitted to the Citadel. When it was discovered she was a woman, it
rescinded the offer. She sued and won but left after first week of classes.
1995. Eileen Collins was the first woman space shuttle Commander.
1996 Women first surpassed men in number of Bachelors Degrees earned in US.
1997. Madeline Albright was the first woman Secretary of State.
1998. Lt. Kendra Williams, USN, became the first US female combat pilot to bomb an enemy target.
1999. Nancy Ruth Mace was first woman cadet to graduate from Citadel.
2000. Hilary Clinton became first First Lady to be elected Senator.
2001. Condoleezza Rice was the first woman to hold post of National Security Advisor. Gale Norton was the first woman
to be Secretary of the Interior.
1993. Janet Reno was the first woman Attorney General. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the second woman on the Supreme
Court.
1994. Shannon Faulkner was the first woman admitted to the Citadel. When it was discovered she was a woman, it
rescinded the offer. She sued and won but left after first week of classes.
1995. Eileen Collins was the first woman space shuttle Commander.
1996 Women first surpassed men in number of Bachelors Degrees earned in US.
1997. Madeline Albright was the first woman Secretary of State.
1998. Lt. Kendra Williams, USN, became the first US female combat pilot to bomb an enemy target.
1999. Nancy Ruth Mace was first woman cadet to graduate from Citadel.
2000. Hilary Clinton became first First Lady to be elected Senator.
2001. Condoleezza Rice was the first woman to hold post of National Security Advisor. Gale Norton was the first woman
to be Secretary of the Interior.
2002 Linda Sanchez and Loretta Sanchez were first sisters to both serve in Congress.
2003. Arizona became the first state where a female governor (Jane Dee Hull) was
2003. Arizona became the first state where a female governor (Jane Dee Hull) was
succeeded by another female governor (Janet Napolitano.)
2004. Ireland President Mary McAllese assumed the Irish presidency from another
2004. Ireland President Mary McAllese assumed the Irish presidency from another
woman, Mary Robinson, and she was reelected in 2004.
2005. Condoleezza Rice became the first African-American woman Secretary of State.
2006. Betty Friedan dies. Janet Gurthrie is inducted into the International Motorsport
2006. Betty Friedan dies. Janet Gurthrie is inducted into the International Motorsport
Hall of Fame as the first woman to compete in the Indy 500.
2007. Nancy Pelosi was elected first woman Speaker of the House.
2008. Hilary Clinton becomes the first woman to win a US presidential primary.
2009. President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act. Sonia
2009. President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act. Sonia
Sotomayer became the first Hispanic and third woman Supreme Court Justice.
2010. Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman to win Best Director Academy Award.
2011. Nobel Prize for three Women’s Rights Activitsts: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakkol Karman of Yemen.
2010. Kathryn Bigelow is the first woman to win Best Director Academy Award.
2011. Nobel Prize for three Women’s Rights Activitsts: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakkol Karman of Yemen.
2012. Augusta National Golf Club admits first women members. (Condoleezza Rice.)
2013. Announcement that women in US will be allowed to serve in combat.
2013. Announcement that women in US will be allowed to serve in combat.
As that old Virginia Slims ad stated, “We have come a long way, baby!” However, in the next fifty years, we still have a long way to go.
Mary Greenwood, Mediator, Attorney and Author of How To Negotiate LIke A Pro: 41 Rules for Resolving Disputes, Winner of nine book awards; How To Mediate Like A Pro: 42 Rules for Mediating Disputes Winner of twelve book awards and How to Interview Like a Pro
www.MaryGreenwood.org
Posts
